Expression of class II molecules by B cells is down-regulated by IFN-¥. 

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Rapid Ventricular Filling

aortic pressure decreases as blood runs off from the aorta into the arterial tree, to the veins, and then back to the heart.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Reduced Ventricular Filling (Diastasis)

Longest phase of the cardiac cycle and final portion of ventricular filling, occurs at a slower rate.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Reduced Ventricular Filling (Diastasis)

Changes in heart rate alter the time available for Diastasis.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Atrial systole marks the end of diastole, at which point ventricular volume is equal to end-diastolic volume.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The function of the ventricles is described by the following three parameters: 

Stroke volume 

Ejection fraction 

Cardiac output

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle on each beat.