T cells initiate the adaptive immune response by interacting MHC on antigen-presenting cells that have been exposed to pathogens. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2672

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A slight backleak of potassium ions into the lumen, creating a positive charge of about +8 millivolts in the tubular lumen.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2673

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Positive charge forces cations such as Mg++ and Ca++ to diffuse from the tubular lumen through the paracellular space and into the interstitial fluid.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5527

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In early proximal convoluted tubule sodium is reabsorbed by co-transport along with glucose, amino acids, & other solutes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5528

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Late proximal tubule reabsorbs primarily NaCl

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5529

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In late proximal convoluted tubule High tubular fluid Cl− concentration is the driving force for reabsorption

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5530

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Function of the two exchangers is to transport NaCl from the lumen into the cell:

Na+-H+ exchanger

Cl−-formate− anion exchanger