Operation of the C4 cycle requires the cooperative effort of both cell types. No mesophyll cell of a C4 plant is more than two or three cells away from the nearest bundle sheath cell.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5873

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Solar radiation, in the form of short-wave energy, passes through the atmosphere to heat the Earth’s surface. 

Long-wave infrared energy is radiated back into the atmosphere. 

Most infrared energy is reflected by atmospheric gases, including carbon dioxide molecules, back to Earth, causing global temperatures to rise.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3211

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Three mechanisms can produce oncogenes from the corresponding proto-oncogenes:
Point mutation
Chromosomal translocation
Amplification

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9654

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Feedback regulation by MAP Kinase

activated MAP kinase phosphorylates the HER1 on a threonine residue near the juxtamembrane domain. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9638

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Sos is a GEF that catalyzes conversion of inactive GDP bound Ras to the active GTP-bound form.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9327

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The binding of arrestin to rhodopsin speeds up the inactivation process.