Because they cannot rotate, each peptide bond holds 6 atoms in a plane.

However, most possible angles of Phi (φ) and Psi (ψ) are impossible due to clashes

between atoms. These balls are much smaller than the atoms they represent.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6465

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Proteins bound at enhancer elements interact with proteins bound at promoter elements via DNA looping, very often through intermediates called coactivators.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6466

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Eukaryotic transcription is most often under positive regulation: A transcription factor is provided under tissue-specific control to activate a promoter or set of promoters that contain a common target sequence.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6467

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

There are five common subunits in all three RNA Polymerases

Rpb5

Rpb6

Rpb8

Rpb10

Rpb12

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6468

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6469

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

There are 27 of these repeats in the yeast Pol II CTD, 32 in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, 45 in the fly Drosophila, and 52 in humans.  YSPTSPS repeats in CTD corresponds to the complexity of the genome.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6470

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes