When equal amounts of extrorotatory and levorotatory isomers are present, the resulting mixture becomes optically inactive because the optical activities of each isomer cancel each other.

Such a mixture is called a racemic or dl-mixture or (±)-conglomerate and this process of converting an optically active compound into the racemic modification is known of racemization. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9762

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When maize plants were exposed to green-leaf volatiles (VOCs), JA and JA-related gene expression were rapidly induced.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9763

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

To distinguish between “self” and “nonself” during pathogen infection, plants possess pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) which are conserved among a specific class of microorganisms (such as chitin for fungi, flagella for bacteria) but are absent in the host.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9764

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Perception of MAMPs or DAMPs by cell surface PRRs is called Pathogen Triggered Immunity

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9765

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Perception of MAMPs or DAMPs by cell surface PRRs initiates a localized basal defense response called MAMP triggered immunity which inhibits the growth and activity of nonadapted pathogens or pests.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9766

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Effectors triggers intracellular defense response includes RLK, receptor-like kinase; RLP, receptor-like protein; NBS–LRR, nucleotide binding site–leucine rich repeat

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9767

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When an Arabidopsis leaf is exposed to bacteria on the leaf surface, or to the MAMP flg22, the stomatal apertures closed by LRR receptor-like kinase FLS2, as well as a heterotrimeric G protein.