Saturation = extent of packing

Fully saturated fatty acids in the extended form pack into nearly crystalline arrays, stabilized by many hydrophobic interactions.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9093

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Ligand binding to GPCRs that activate Gαq, leading to activation of phospholipase C

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9094

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phospholipase C cleaves a phospholipid known as PI(4,5) P2, generating two second messengers: 

diffusible IP3 and membrane-bound DAG

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9095

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9096

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

IP3 triggers the opening of IP3-gated Ca²+ channels in the ER and elevation of cytosolic free Ca²+.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9097

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In response to elevated cytosolic Ca²+ 

PKC is recruited to the plasma membrane, where it is activated by DAG

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9098

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Glycogen breakdown and synthesis is coordinately regulated by the second messengers Ca2+ and cAMP, whose levels are regulated by neural and hormonal stimulation, respectively