There are 4 paths from different sources feed substances into lysosomes for digestion:

• Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis

• Macropinocytosis

• Autophagy

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2232

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

De novo genes -New Genes in organisms ranging from yeast to humans that did indeed originate from noncoding DNA,

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2234

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Nucleotide changes, particularly those at the third position of the codon, that do not alter the amino acid sequence are called synonymous substitutions.

Nucleotide changes in a gene that alter the amino acid sequence of a protein are referred to as non-synonymous substitutions.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2236

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Highest rates of substitutions in regions of the gene that have the least effect on function, such as the third position of a codon, flanking regions, and introns.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2237

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Neutral selection (Ka/Ks = 1)

Positive selection (Ka/Ks > 1)

Purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2240

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

The neutral-mutation hypothesis proposes that most molecular variation is neutral with regard to natural selection and is shaped largely by mutation and genetic drift.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2241

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Neutral theory of molecular evolution developed by Motoo Kimura