The PCR consists of three defined sets of times and temperatures, termed steps

a) Denaturation at 94°C, for 0.5 min

b) Primer annealing at 55°C for 1.5 min

c) Extension at 72°C for 1 min

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3355

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

If 10 protons are pumped out per NADH and 4 must flow in to produce 1 ATP, the proton-based P/O ratio is 2.5 for NADH as the electron donor and 1.5 (6/4) for succinate.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3356

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

the energy of substrate oxidation (succinate yields fumarate) drives ATP synthesis in mitochondria, we would expect inhibitors of the passage of electrons to O2 (such as cyanide, carbon monoxide, and antimycin A) to block ATP synthesis.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3357

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Oligomycin and Venturicidin, toxic antibiotics that bind to the ATP synthase are potent inhibitors of both ATP synthesis and the transfer of electrons through the chain of carriers to O2.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3358

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Chemical uncouplers include 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) . After entering the matrix in the protonated form, they can release a proton, thus dissipating the proton gradient.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3360

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The number of protons that must be transferred to produce one complete rotation of the c ring is equal to the number of c subunits in the ring.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3362

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The rate of rotation in intact mitochondria has been estimated at about 6,000 rpm—100 rotations per second