The PCR consists of three defined sets of times and temperatures, termed steps

a) Denaturation at 94°C, for 0.5 min

b) Primer annealing at 55°C for 1.5 min

c) Extension at 72°C for 1 min

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#Id: 4910

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Variance is always non-negative since each term in the variance sum is squared and therefore the result is either positive or zero.

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#Id: 6499

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

RNA polymerase II terminates after a short distance; small oligonucleotides of 4–5 nt are unstable; crystal structures of these RNA/DNA hybrids are unordered. Only longer hybrids have proper base pairing. The short RNA products are degraded rapidly. The suggestion is that this abortive initiation is a form of promoter proofreading.

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#Id: 8645

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Rb protein regulation by G1 CDKs in mammalian cells is analogous to Whi5 regulation by Cln3-CDK in yeast.

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#Id: 9519

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Many different types of bacterial Avr effectors delivered by type III secretion have been identified to be enzymes such as phosphatases, proteases, phosphoserine lyases, or E3 ubiquitin ligases that attenuate host defense signaling.

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#Id: 9434

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior