Thermodynamic measurements indicate that native proteins are only marginally stable under physiological conditions. The free energy required to denature them is ∼0.4 kJ ∙ mol−1 per amino acid residue.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8157

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10556

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Intrinsic apoptosis pathway

Caspase-8 cleaves the BH3-interacting-domain death agonist (Bid), resulting tBid fragment

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10287

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

T-Cell - Cells leaving the thymus are functional, mature T cells expressing unique and specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are both tolerant to self and restricted to self-MHC.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6534

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The conversion of glucose into pyruvate is accelerated, resulting in an increase in the concentration of ATP in the cytosol

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9916

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Viral Infections

Virus enters a cell via a cell-surface receptor for which it has affinity and preempts cell biosynthetic machinery to replicate all components of itself, including its genome.

This genome replication step is often error prone, generating numerous mutations.