Communities may be identified and recognized by several features that may be quantitative and qualitative.

Quantitative characters are those that can be measured, e.g., density, abundance, frequency, cover area and basal area of species present in a given area. 

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Listeria is a food-borne bacterial pathogen has on its surface a protein ActA, which mimics an NPF that efficiently activates the Arp2/3 complex.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

DnaA mutants make replication asynchronous

SeqA mutant cells don’t delay rereplication for 13 minutes

Dam methylase mutants stops rereplication

SeqA-/dam+ accumulation of methylated products

SeqA+/dam- accumulation of hemimethylated products

SeqA-/dam- accumulation of hemimethylated products

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

mRNAs containing multiple ORFs are known as polycistronic mRNAs, and those encoding a single ORF are known as monocistronic mRNAs.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Dihydrozeatin (DZ) and isopentenyl adenine (iP) also are commonly found in higher plants and bacteria.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Complex I is therefore a proton pump