One is unequal crossing over, in which recombination happens between different positions on chromosomes that are misaligned during meiosis. 

Another is replication slippage, in which the DNA polymerase loses its place and copies a segment of chromosome twice.

#Id: 2929

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The time of sedimentation (in seconds) for a spherical particle is (Please see the picture below)
where t is the sedimentation time, is the viscosity of medium, R hydro is the
hydrodynamic radius of the particle, r b is the radial distance from the centre of rotation
to bottom of tube, r t is the radial distance from the centre of rotation to liquid meniscus,
ρ is the density of the particle, m is the density of the medium and is the angular velocity
of the rotor.

#Id: 2984

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The unit of s is seconds Most values of s are between 10-13 and 10-11 second. To
eliminate the exponents, the value of s is usually reported in svedbergs (S). 1 svedberg 10-13 second.

#Id: 2987

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

During differential sedimentation the largest class of particles forms a pellet on the
bottom of the centrifuge tube, leaving smaller-sized structures within the supernatant.

#Id: 2991

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Isopycnic separation, centrifugation is continued until the desired particles have
reached their isopycnic position in the liquid density gradient.

#Id: 2995

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

#Id: 2999

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Flow chart of the fractionation protocol of these membranes from tissue homogenates
using differential centrifugation and density gradient methodology.