Genetic exchange also happens between distantly related organisms by horizontal gene transfer, or HGT.

HGT is particularly important to prokarytotes and is the most common way by which they acquire new genes.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The initial reaction in the intrinsic system is conversion of inactive factor XII to active factor XII (XIIa).

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

kininogen and kallikrein, can be brought about 

In vitro by exposing the blood to glass

In vivo by collagen fibers underlying the endothelium

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Active factor XII then activates  factor XI, & active factor XI activates factor IX.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Activated factor IX forms a complex with active factor VIII, which is activated when it is separated from von Willebrand factor.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The complex of IXa and VIIIa activate factor X. 

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Phospholipids from aggregated platelets and Ca2+ are necessary for full activation of factor X.