Two REs recognize the same DNA sequence motif but cleave at different positions, then they are called neoschizomers

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In humans, there are three RAS, three Raf, two MEK, and two MAP proteins.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Mammalian MAP kinases include  Jun N-terminal kinases and p38 kinases, which are activated by signaling pathways in response to various types of stresses

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phosphorylation by MEK at Y-185 and T-183 in activation loop of MAP kinase leads to a marked conformational change & promotes MAP kinase activation and dimerization.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Activated dimeric MAP kinase induces transcription of the c-fos gene by directly activating TCF, and indirectly activating SRF.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Feedback regulation by MAP Kinase

activated MAP kinase phosphorylates the HER1 on a threonine residue near the juxtamembrane domain.