Two levels of predators often exist in ecological communities:

Mesopredators Relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores. 

Top predators Predators that typically consume both herbivores and mesopredators. 

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation

Left ventricle is relaxed

Left ventricular pressure decreases

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5323

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

 Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation

When left ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure, the aortic valve closes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5324

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation

Closure of aortic valve producing the second heart sound (S2).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5325

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation

Because all valves are closed again, ventricular volume is constant.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5326

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5327

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation

begins after the ventricles are fully repolarized, marked by the end of the T wave on the ECG.