Normal cells treated with sodium chromate allowed to absorb and induced to death signals as T-CTLs Death of the target cells is indicated by the release of 51Cr into the supernatant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2268

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2269

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Phenotypic plasticity can be visualized with the reaction norm.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8950

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8951

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8952

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

One is unequal crossing over, in which recombination happens between different positions on chromosomes that are misaligned during meiosis. 

Another is replication slippage, in which the DNA polymerase loses its place and copies a segment of chromosome twice.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8953

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

A third way that gene duplicates arise is by retrotransposition.

Here the messenger RNA from a gene is reverse-transcribed to DNA, which is then integrated into the genome.