Biotrophic fungi usually penetrate the rigid cell wall via the formation of a specialized infection structure on the plant

surface called an appressorium. Then, the emerging penetration

peg breaches the rigid plant cell wall and provides entry into the plant cell. Finally, a haustorium forms upon entry into the plant cell.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8464

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The overall effect is a significant net dipole for the a helix that gives a partial positive charge at the amino end and a partial negative charge at the carboxy end of the a helix. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8465

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The magnitude of this dipole moment corresponds to about 0.5-0.7 unit charge at each end of the helix. These charges would be expected to attract ligands of opposite charge and negatively charged ligands, especially when they contain phosphate groups and frequently bind at the N-termini of a helices. In contrast, positively charged ligands rarely bind at the C-terminus

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8466

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Polyleucine and polyalanine readily form a-helical structures.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8467

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

polylysine is a random coil at pH values below about 11, where repulsion of positive charges prevents helix formation. At pH 12, where polylysine is a neutral peptide chain, it readily forms an a-helix.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8468

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

polyGlu is a random coil at pH values above about 5, where repulsion of negative charges prevents helix formation. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8469

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The RHH (L amino acids) α helix, which ideally has ϕ = −57° and ψ = −47°