Phytoplasmas are specialized bacteria that are obligate parasites of the phloem tissue. They are mainly

spread by insects in the families Cicadellidae (leaf hoppers),

Fulgoroidae (plant hoppers), and Psyllidae (jumping plant

lice). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10224

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

BR biosynthetic pathway is a triterpenoid pathway. Mevalonic acid serves as a precursor of the triterpenoid pathway . Brassinosteroids are synthesized from the plant sterol campesterol

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10225

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Members of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) enzyme family that are associated with the ER catalyze most of the reactions in the brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10226

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

BR regulate seed germination, cell elongation, cell division, senescence, vascular-differentiation, reproduction, root development, photomorphogenesis, and also respond to various biotic and abiotic stresses.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10227

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

BR-deficient mutants exhibits extreme dwarfism, altered leaf morphology, abnormal vascular development, delayed flowering and senescence, and reduced male fertility.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10228

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

brassinolide binds to brassinosteroid receptor kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) on the plasma membrane triggers a phosphorylation cascade that causes a repressor protein, BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2), to become inactivated.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10229

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant