Effector‐triggered immunity is a second level of induced defense and stronger than PTI and culminates in the hypersensitive response (HR).

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The level of significance is denoted by the Greek symbol α (alpha).

Therefore, the level of significance is defined as follows: 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

To measure the level of statistical significance of the result, the investigator first needs to calculate the p-value. It defines the probability of identifying an effect which provides that the null hypothesis is true.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

When the p-value is less than the level of significance (α), the null hypothesis is rejected. If the p-value so observed is not less than the significance level α, then theoretically null hypothesis is accepted.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

But practically, we often increase the size of the sample size and check if we reach the significance level. The general interpretation of the p-value based upon the level of significance of 10%:

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

If p > 0.1, then there will be no assumption for the null hypothesis.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

If p > 0.05 and p ≤ 0.1, it means that there will be a low assumption for the null hypothesis.