Variation in Influenza Strains

Antigenic variation in HA and NA is generated by

Antigenic drift involves a series of spontaneous point mutations that occur gradually.

Antigenic shift results in the sudden emergence of a new subtype of influenza.

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#Id: 3807

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

CMF stimulates gene expression in parallel with PSF, and both signals potentiate cAMP signalling by inducing genes involved in cAMP synthesis and detection

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#Id: 3700

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Deletions in two genes, neither of which is lethal by itself, are introduced into the same strain. If the double mutant dies, the strain is called a synthetic lethal. This technique has been used to great effect with yeast, where the isolation of double mutants can be automated. The procedure is called synthetic genetic array analysis (SGA)

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#Id: 4839

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Usually, the significance level or the probability of type i error is set to 0.05(5%), assuming that it is satisfactory to have a 5% probability of inaccurately rejecting the null hypothesis.

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#Id: 4022

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

When the L-type calcium channels become inactivated at about the same time, greatly increased numbers of potassium channels open.

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#Id: 10418

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Metastasis

cancer cells have acquired the ability to penetrate basement membranes using a cell protrusion called an invadopodium