The dimensions of living cells are limited, on the lower end by the minimum number of biomolecules necessary for function, and on the upper end by the rate of diffusion of solutes such as oxygen. Except for highly elongated cells, they usually have lengths and diameters in the range of

#Question id: 51

#Section C (Domain-Specific Knowledge)

 If the equilibrium constant, Keq, for the reaction ATP → ADP + Pi is 2.22 × 10⁵ M, calculate the standard free-energy change, ΔG°, for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi at 25 °C.

#Question id: 52

#Section C (Domain-Specific Knowledge)

Choose the incorrect option regarding Isomerism.

#Question id: 53

#Section C (Domain-Specific Knowledge)

Calculate the number of times the DNA of a modern E. coli cell has been copied accurately since its earliest bacterial precursor cell arose about 3.5 billion years ago. Assume for simplicity that over this time period, E. coli has undergone, on average, one cell division every 12 hours (this is an overestimate for modern bacteria, but probably an underestimate for ancient bacteria).

#Question id: 54

#Section C (Domain-Specific Knowledge)

About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?

#Question id: 55

#Section C (Domain-Specific Knowledge)

The standard free energy change for the reaction A → B is −15.0 kJ · mol−1. What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 25°C?

#Question id: 56

#Section C (Domain-Specific Knowledge)

Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants?