The efficient formation of disulfide bonds in the lumen of the ER depends on the enzyme protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which is present in all eukaryotic cells

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8181

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Catalase uses the H2O2 to oxidize a variety of other substrates (formic acid, formaldehyde, and alcohol) by the “peroxidation” reaction.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7965

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Unassembled or misfolded proteins in the ER are often transported back to the cytosol, where they are degraded in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9198

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8893

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Merotelic attachment 

A kinetochore can attach to microtubules emanating from both poles at the same time

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8961

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

No matter how it is born, a new gene starts its life as a single copy in the population.

As with any new mutation, by far the most likely outcome is that it will be lost by random drift or selection over the next few generations