In certain immune cells, NF-κB stimulates expression of iNOS (inducible isoform of the enzyme that produces NO), which is toxic to bacterial cells

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9516

#XL - R Botany

The xylem‐colonizing bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is transmitted by various species of Homalodisca in the family Cicadellidae.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9517

#XL - R Botany

During infection, most bacteria remain in extracellular spaces and use a specialized mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into the plant cell

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9518

#XL - R Botany

The structural components of the T3SS are encoded by the clustered hypersensitive response and pathogenicity cluster (hrp) genes. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9519

#XL - R Botany

Many different types of bacterial Avr effectors delivered by type III secretion have been identified to be enzymes such as phosphatases, proteases, phosphoserine lyases, or E3 ubiquitin ligases that attenuate host defense signaling.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9520

#XL - R Botany

The chorismate mutase Cmu1 secreted by U. maydis to reduce the accumulation of salicylic acids and therefore reduce the intensity of the defense response at the site of infection

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9521

#XL - R Botany

The nematode‐secreted peptide 16D10, which was first isolated from the soybean root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, interacts with a plant regulatory protein, stimulates root growth, and binds in planta to two SCARECROW‐like transcription factors.