Algae

Chlorophyll bearing thallophytes

Autotrophic mode of Nutrition

Ex- Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Cladospora, Sargassum, Gelidium, Laminaria

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9932

#XL - T Zoology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9933

#XL - T Zoology

Bacterial Infections

Bacteria enter the body through several natural routes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9934

#XL - T Zoology

Cell wall endotoxins of some gram-negative bacteria activate macrophages, resulting in release of high levels of IL-1 and TNF-α, which can cause septic shock.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9935

#XL - T Zoology

In staphylococcal food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome, exotoxins produced by the pathogens function as superantigens, which can activate all T cells. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9936

#XL - T Zoology

Extracellular Bacteria

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9937

#XL - T Zoology

Intracellular bacterial

Intracellular bacterial infections tend to induce a cell-mediated immune response, specifically DTH. 

In this response, cytokines secreted by CD4+ T cells are important—most notably IFN-ϒ, which activates macrophages.