III. Vascular plants (pteridophyta)

EVOLUTION OF ROOTS

Instead of the rhizoids seen in bryophytes, roots evolved in the sporophytes of almost all vascular plants

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Rho GTPases are the “master builders” of the cell because they can activate an array of kinases and cytoskeletal binding proteins that remodel cytoskeletal elements to alter cell shape and movement

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Rac and RhoA GTPases coordinate changes in cytoskeleton organization and also through Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) regulate gene expression

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Wnt/PCP signaling 

Functions to regulate the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, & influences cell shape and behaviour (migration).

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Planar Cell Polarity 

direct cells to divide in the same plane (rather than forming upper and lower tissue compartments) and to move within that same plane

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The Wnt-Ca2+ pathway is initiated by Frizzled receptors activating a classical G protein-coupled signaling pathway.

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