III. Vascular plants  (pteridophyta)

EVOLUTION OF LEAVES

spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls

In terms of size and complexity, leaves can be classified as either microphylls or megaphylls

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#XL - Q Biochemistry

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#XL - T Zoology

1. The dispersion pattern starts out random but ends up uniform.
2. Uniform dispersions may also result from social interactions.
3. Territoriality between animals also causes uniform dispersion patterns.

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#XL - T Zoology

In cells, PI-3 kinase pathway :

Triggers cell division 

Prevents apoptosis

Induces specific changes in cell metabolism

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#XL - R Botany

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#XL - T Zoology

Constitutively active Raf kinase

a glutamic acid substitution for the valine at position 600