Classification of peteridophytes

III.EQUISETOPHYTA (HORSE TAILS)

 Eg: Equisetum

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Wnt/calcium pathway leads to the release of calcium stored within cells, and calcium acts as an important secondary messenger to modulate the function of many downstream targets.

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Increased Ca2+ levels activates Ca2+-dependent signaling molecules such as:

Protein kinase C, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CamKII), Calcineurin phosphatase

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Calcineurin phosphatase, dephosphorylates and activates the transcription factor, Nuclear Factor Associated with T cells (NFAT).

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Vertebrates have three homologues of the Drosophila hedgehog gene: sonic hedgehog (shh), desert hedgehog

(dhh), and indian hedgehog (ihh)

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Desert hedgehog protein is found in the Sertoli cells of the testes

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Mice homozygous for a null allele of dhh exhibit defective spermatogenesis