IV.Gymnosperm

Polyembryony - common

Ovules - seeds

Seeds two or more cotyledons

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#Id: 9799

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When Pr molecules are exposed to red light, most of them absorb it and are converted to Pfr, but some of the Pfr also absorbs the red light and is converted back to Pr because both Pr and Pfr absorb red light. 

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#Id: 9800

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Proportion of phytochrome in the Pfr form after saturating irradiation by red light is only about 85%. 

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Very small amount of far-red light absorbed by Pr makes it impossible to convert Pfr entirely to Pr by broad spectrum far-red light. An equilibrium of 97% Pr and 3% Pfr is achieved. This equilibrium is termed the photostationary state.

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#Id: 9802

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#Id: 9803

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The N-terminal a PAS domain 

a GAF domain with bilin-lyase activity, which binds the chromophore, 

PHY domain, which stabilizes phytochrome in the Pfr form

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#Id: 9804

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PAS-related domain (PRD) repeats mediate phytochrome dimerization. 

The PRD domain targets the Pfr form of phyB to the nucleus, although it lacks a canonical nuclear localization signal (NLS).