Anomalous secondary growth

Several dicotyledons show secondary growth that is different from normal  secondary growth. The deviating methods of secondary thickening are called  abnormal or anomalous secondary growth. 

e.g., Bougainvillea (Dicot)

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The α subunit of each integrin is the primary determinant of its extracellular ligand specificity

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Several integrin α subunits contain, I-domain, which can mediate binding of integrins to various collagens in the ECM.

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I-domains also recognize CAMs on other cells, 

ICAMs, VCAMs and participate in cell-cell adhesion.

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The non-I-domain α subunits recognize RGD motif.

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TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 contain RGD motif that binds to integrins.

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Integrins typically exhibit low affinities for their ligands, with dissociation constants (Kd) between 10−6 and 10−7 mol/L.