There are four known forces that are involved in evolution:

1)mutation,

2) genetic drift

3) gene flow or migration

4) selection.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9499

#XL - R Botany

In maize (Zea mays) leaves, the HC toxin inhibits histone deacetylases to effect changes in host gene expression, presumably those genes involved in defense against C. carbonum.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9500

#XL - R Botany

Maize genotypes that carry the Hm1 gene, which encodes an enzyme that can metabolize and thereby detoxify HC toxin are resistant to C. carbonum.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9501

#XL - R Botany

Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici produces the AAL toxin,

which activates a plant cell death program in tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) leaves.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9502

#XL - R Botany

ToxA is produced by both Stagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis, which cause glume blotch and tan spot disease, respectively, on wheat (Triticum spp.).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9503

#XL - R Botany

The ToxA gene encodes a 13‐ kDa polypeptide. ToxA stimulates host cell death in a light dependent manner by binding to Plastocynin.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9504

#XL - R Botany

Xanthomonas, produces TAL (transcription activator‐like) effectors contribute to disease formation or trigger defense by binding host DNA and activating effector‐specific host genes.