An individual carrying the allele can pass copies of it to his or her own children. This is the allele’s direct fitness. The allele can also pass extra copies of itself to the next generation as the result of the increased fitness of relatives that benefit from the altruistic individual’s actions. This is the allele’s indirect fitness. 

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Hitchhiking: Change in the frequency of an allele due to linkage with a selected allele at another locus.

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Dollo’s law:  A biological generalization positing that complex characters, once lost in evolution, are extremely unlikely to reappear and thus the loss of complex characters is virtually always irreversible.

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Van Valen law -  he found a surprising result: rather straight curves, implying that the probability of extinction is roughly constant.

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Ockham’s principle - Principle of parsimony

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The Forces of Evolution

Mutation, 

Genetic drift

Gene flow or migration

Selection

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