In haplodiploid organisms, males are haploid, and females are diploid. Consider the relatedness diagram shown below. Female A has a full-sister, Y, who has a daughter, B. The relatedness between A and B is ___________. 

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In other cells, mitochondria remain fixed at points of high energy demand.

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In mitochondria, the metabolism of sugars is complete: allows 15 times more ATP to be made from a sugar than by glycolysis alone.

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Functions of Mitochondria-

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mtDNA is located in the mitochondrial matrix, and in the rapidly growing cells, mtDNA is often seen in regions devoid of densely stacked cristae.

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A human cell has about 1000–2000 mtDNA molecules

A human egg has about 500,000 mtDNA molecules

A sperm has only about 100 mtDNA molecules