Populations of some species are prone to extinction for two reasons

1. The landscapes they live in are patchy (making dispersal between populations difficult).

2. Environmental conditions often change in a rapid and unpredictable manner.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9515

#XL - R Botany

Phytoplasmas are specialized bacteria that are obligate parasites of the phloem tissue. They are mainly

spread by insects in the families Cicadellidae (leaf hoppers),

Fulgoroidae (plant hoppers), and Psyllidae (jumping plant

lice). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9516

#XL - R Botany

The xylem‐colonizing bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is transmitted by various species of Homalodisca in the family Cicadellidae.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9517

#XL - R Botany

During infection, most bacteria remain in extracellular spaces and use a specialized mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into the plant cell

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9518

#XL - R Botany

The structural components of the T3SS are encoded by the clustered hypersensitive response and pathogenicity cluster (hrp) genes. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9519

#XL - R Botany

Many different types of bacterial Avr effectors delivered by type III secretion have been identified to be enzymes such as phosphatases, proteases, phosphoserine lyases, or E3 ubiquitin ligases that attenuate host defense signaling.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9520

#XL - R Botany

The chorismate mutase Cmu1 secreted by U. maydis to reduce the accumulation of salicylic acids and therefore reduce the intensity of the defense response at the site of infection