Gradualism is Darwin’s proposition that the differences between even radically different organisms have evolved by small steps through intermediate forms, not by leaps

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The cytosolic isozyme has two distinct functions. It catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate, providing the substrate for a cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase that generates NADPH as reducing power for fatty acid synthesis and other anabolic processes in the cytosol. It also has a role in cellular iron homeostasis.

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KDC shows Divergent evolution, in which the genes for an enzyme with one substrate specificity give rise, during evolution, to closely related enzymes with different substrate specificities but the same enzymatic mechanism.

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This reaction is catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase

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Malonate is an analog of succinate not normally present in cells, is a strong competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, and its addition to mitochondria blocks the activity of the citric acid cycle.

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As intermediates of the citric acid cycle are removed to serve as biosynthetic precursors, they are replenished by anaplerotic reactions