A carbon atom with four different substituents is said to be asymmetric, and asymmetric carbons are called chiral centers

Chiral carbon most distant from the carbonyl carbon has the same configuration as the chiral carbon in D-glyceraldehyde.

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III.Vascular plants  (pteridophyta)

Homosporous or Heterosporous

Sexual reproduction- Oogamous

Antheridium-  Sessile and reduced in size

Haplodiplontic-  alteration of generation

Spores produced inside the sporangia on leaves

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Habitat

Plants annual or perennials.

Xeric- Selaginella lepidophylla

Aquatic- Azolla, Marsilea, Salvinia

Epiphytic- i.e., growing on large trunks of trees. Ex- Lycopodium

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III. Vascular plants (pteridophyta)

EVOLUTION OF ROOTS

Instead of the rhizoids seen in bryophytes, roots evolved in the sporophytes of almost all vascular plants

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III. Vascular plants  (pteridophyta)

EVOLUTION OF LEAVES

spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls

In terms of size and complexity, leaves can be classified as either microphylls or megaphylls

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