The fundamental niche of a species is the range of abiotic conditions under which species can persist. 

This includes the range of temperature, humidity, and salinity conditions that allow a population to survive, grow, and reproduce.

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Type of iteroparity

Seasonal iteroparity - have distinct breeding seasons 

Continuous iteroparity- reproduce at any time of the year. 

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If the environment is stable - Selection favors a single act of reproduction.

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r-selected species

High rate of per capita population growth

poor  competitive ability

Grows quickly 

age early, 

devoting much energy to producing  large number of progeny 

Small in size, and individuals do not live long. 

Random matting

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Grime’s triangle

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Where conditions for plant growth are less stressful, plants can evolve life history traits that fall along a continuum from competitors to ruderals.