Plant cells rely extensively on augmin-dependent microtubule branching nucleation to organize the microtubule cytoskeleton because they lack centrosomes.

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Thus, D glucose in aqueous solution exists as an equilibrium mixture of 5 compounds. The pyranose form predominates in solution.

aD glucofuranose (0.5%)

aD-glucopyranose (37%)

aldehydo- -glucose (0.003%)

bD-glucofuranose (0.5%)

bD-glucopyranose (62%)

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The pyranose forms of the sugars are more stable than the furanose forms in solution.

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The 6-membered cyclic form of sugars is usually called the “pyranose” form in reference to the cyclic ether pyran.