A fully folded 100-residue protein is only about 40 kJ ∙ mol−1 more stable than its unfolded form (for comparison, the energy required to break a typical hydrogen bond is ∼20 kJ ∙ mol−1).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9496

#XL - R Botany

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9497

#XL - R Botany

HC toxin produced by the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum of maize (Zea mays) inhibits histone deacetylase activity.

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#Id: 9498

#XL - R Botany

HC toxin is a cyclic peptide. It is synthesized continuously

by two specific tetrapartite cyclic peptide synthetases

(HTS1 and HTS2) and then exported outside the fungal cell. 

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#Id: 9499

#XL - R Botany

In maize (Zea mays) leaves, the HC toxin inhibits histone deacetylases to effect changes in host gene expression, presumably those genes involved in defense against C. carbonum.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9500

#XL - R Botany

Maize genotypes that carry the Hm1 gene, which encodes an enzyme that can metabolize and thereby detoxify HC toxin are resistant to C. carbonum.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9501

#XL - R Botany

Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici produces the AAL toxin,

which activates a plant cell death program in tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) leaves.