ATM and DNA-PK are specifically activated by double-strand breaks

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Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs) are soluble PRRs that reside in the cytosol of many cell types.

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The three known RLRs (RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2) are CARD-containing RNA helicases that recognize viral RNAs, usually from RNA viruses such as influenza, measles, and West Nile.

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Nod-like receptors

The NLRs are a large family of cytosolic proteins activated by intracellular PAMPs

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#Id: 9901

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#Id: 9902

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Pyroptosis A form of regulated programmed cell death associated with inflammation, and often associated with infection with intracellular pathogens. Mediated by inflammasome-activated caspase-1.

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#Id: 9903

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NOD1 also provides protection against the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma  cruzi,

NOD2 activates responses to some viruses, including influenza.