Adaptation is a characteristic that enhances the survival or reproduction of organisms .

Adaptations have evolved by natural selection, which is the centerpiece of On the Origin of Species

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#XL - Q Biochemistry

Unfolded-protein response

Key protein –Ire1 promotes formation of Hac1

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#XL - Q Biochemistry

The efficient formation of disulfide bonds in the lumen of the ER depends on the enzyme protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which is present in all eukaryotic cells

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#XL - Q Biochemistry

Immediately after the entire precursor, Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2 is transferred to a nascent polypeptide, three different enzymes, called  glycosidases, remove all three glucose residues and one particular mannose residue.

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A branched oligosaccharide containing 

3 glucose (Glc)

9 mannose (Man)

2 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)

Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2

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Only asparagine residues in the tripeptide sequences Asn-X-Ser and Asn-X-Thr (where X is any amino acid except proline) are substrates for oligosaccharyl transferase.

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#XL - Q Biochemistry

The precursor oligosaccharide is transferred from a

dolichol lipid anchor to the asparagine as an intact unit in a reaction catalyzed by a transmembrane oligosaccharyl transferase enzyme complex.