Group Living Has Advantages and Disadvantages

When animals live together in groups such as flocks or herds

Disadvantage- Group promote competition for food and increased transmission of parasites and other diseases.

Advantage - Benefits relate to group defense against predators through increased vigilance and through protection in numbers.

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Immune Response Generated against Schistosoma mansoni

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Fungal disease

The barriers of innate immunity control most fungi.

Phagocytosis by neutrophils is a strong defense against most fungi

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Subcutaneous infections are normally introduced by trauma and accompanied by inflammation; when inflammation is chronic, extensive tissue damage may ensue. 

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Condensin association with chromosomes is facilitated by mitotic CDKs and Aurora B, which phosphorylate histone H2A, allowing condensins to bind chromatin.

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Condensins package chromosomes by creating loops by forming intrachromosomal linkages and causes reduction in chromosome length, up to 10,000-fold in vertebrates.