A trait can evolve by sexual selection if it increases a male’s overall fitness, even if it decreases survival.

Exaggerated secondary sexual traits are favored by sexual selection because they increase male mating success.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10090

#XL - T Zoology

Integrins can mediate outside-in and inside-out signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10091

#XL - T Zoology

Outside-in signaling

Binding of integrins to their ligands induces conformational changes in their cytoplasmic domains, directly or indirectly altering their interactions with cytoplasmic proteins

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10092

#XL - T Zoology

Inside-out signaling

intracellular signaling pathways can, via adapter proteins, modify the ability of integrins to bind

to their extracellular ligands

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10093

#XL - T Zoology

Integrin exist in two conformations: 

Inactive, low-affinity, “bent” conformation  

Active, high-affinity, “extended” conformation

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10094

#XL - T Zoology

Activation of integrins involves:

Conformational changes near the propeller and 

 βA domains

Separation of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10095

#XL - T Zoology

Hemidesmosomes are integrin-containing anchoring junctions that attach cells to elements of the underlying extracellular matrix.