Necrotrophs are Opportunistic, unspecialised (‘non-obligate’) pathogens and Host cells killed rapidly

Entry unspecialised via wounds or natural openings

Secrete copious cell-wall-degrading (lytic) enzymes and toxins

Appressoria/haustoria not normally produced

Wide host range

Easy to culture axenically

Survive as competitive saprotrophs

Controlled by jasmonate- and ethylene-dependent host-defence pathways

TLS Online TPP Program

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Glucagon lowers the cellular level of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate, inhibiting glycolysis and stimulating gluconeogenesis.

TLS Online TPP Program

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Accumulation of alanine, which can be synthesized from pyruvate in one step, allosterically inhibits pyruvate kinase, slowing the production of pyruvate by glycolysis

TLS Online TPP Program

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The liver PK isozyme (L form) is regulated by glucagon

TLS Online TPP Program

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Pyruvate Carboxylase

a mitochondrial enzyme that requires the coenzyme biotin, converts the pyruvate to oxaloacetate

TLS Online TPP Program

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#XL - R Botany

The oxaloacetate is converted to PEP by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. This Mg2+ dependent reaction requires GTP as the phosphoryl group donor.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#XL - R Botany

Transketolase requires the cofactor thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)