Quorum sensing in Erwinia carotovora is mediated by N‐acylhomoserine lactones, small molecules released from the bacterial cells into the surrounding medium.

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#Id: 8929

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Chk1, Chk2, and MK2

cause cell cycle arrest by inhibiting Cdc25

stabilizing the transcription factor p53, which induces the transcription of CKI p21 

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If the DNA damage is severe, p21 can cause the cells to senesce or p53 can induce apoptosis.

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DNA-PK, ATM, and ATR phosphorylate a variant histone H2AX within the chromatin near the damage site & Phosphorylated H2AX acts as a landing pad for recruiting additional protein complexes that control DNA repair

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#Id: 8932

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#Id: 8933

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#Id: 8934

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Spindle assembly checkpoint pathway is active until every single kinetochore has attached properly to spindle microtubules