Neo-Lamarckism - August Weismann

cut off the tails of mice for many generations and showed that this mutilation had no effect on the tail length of their descendants.

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Wnt proteins are modified by linkage of a monounsaturated fatty acid, palmitoleic acid, to a serine in the middle of the protein.

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Lipid modifications of Wnt are catalyzed by the 

O-acetyltransferase Porcupine.

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Principal signaling receptor is Frizzled (Fz), contains 

7 TM α helices.

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The palmitoleate attached to the Wnt protein binds to a specific site on the Fz extracellular domain and stabilizes the Wnt-Fz complex.

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Wnt signal transduction pathways classify into:

1. Canonical wnt pathway (β-catenin dependent)

2. Noncanonical wnt pathways (β-catenin independent)

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Noncanonical pathways can be divided into two types: 

1. The “planar cell polarity” pathway

2. The “Wnt/calcium” pathway