Activated dimeric MAP kinase induces transcription of the c-fos gene by directly activating TCF, and indirectly activating SRF.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9726

#XL - R Botany

Hemlock (Cicuta sp.) produces cicutoxin, a polyacetylene that prolongs the repolarization of neuronal action potentials.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9727

#XL - R Botany

The active principle in foxglove (Digitalis sp.) is cardinolide digitoxin, a cardiac glycoside that inhibits ATPase activity and can increase myocardial contraction.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9728

#XL - R Botany

Laticifers are made of individual cells and can occur either as articulated systems (single cells connected by a small tube) or non-articulated systems (one large syncytial cell).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9729

#XL - R Botany

Latex are resin terpenoids produced by laticifers is released upon damage and often contains cardiac glycosides which fend off herbivores.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9730

#XL - R Botany

Conifer resin ducts produces bicyclic monoterpenes such as a-pinene and b-pinene, monocyclic terpenes like limonene and terpinolene, and tricyclic sesquiterpenes, including longifolene, caryophyllene, and d-cadinene, as well as resin acids, which are released immediately upon damage by herbivores

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9731

#XL - R Botany

The specialist caterpillars of the monarch butterfly

(Danaus plexippus) are insensitive to the terpenoid toxins. They feed on milkweed leaves and retain the cardenolides. As a result, most insectivorous birds quickly learn to avoid eating monarch caterpillars and adult monarch butterflies.