Calcium oxalate crystals are present in the vacuoles of many species, and may be distributed evenly throughout the leaf or restricted to specialized cells called idioblasts

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TLS Online TPP Program

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#XL - T Zoology

TLS Online TPP Program

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#XL - T Zoology

Loop method for inbreeding coefficient 

Summation of all possible loop (1/2)n

n= number of individuals in loop except than inbreeding

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Negative assortative mating

People only select mates who are phenotypically different from themselves for selective traits. 

Increases the frequency of heterozygous genotypes (Aa).

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Mutation

Mutation has changed the allelic frequency. it increases genetic variation within populations and between population.

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