Phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs) are a family of proteins that act primarily as negative regulators of photomorphogenic responses.

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Three factors are important in maintaining low O2 concentrations in nodules. 

First, entry of O2 into the nodule is controlled by a variable‐permeability barrier in the nodule parenchyma

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O2‐binding plant protein Lb plays an active role in regulating and delivering O2 in the infected cells

Bacterial respiration is the major O2 sink

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O2‐sensitive hemoprotein kinase FixL controls a regulatory cascade that activates transcription of nitrogen fixation genes

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Ammonium uptake from the soil is carried by AMT/Rh family transporters

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Two types of symporters (NRT1 and NRT2) and one antiporter (CLC) are involved in nitrate transport in plants.

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