These cells wall off the organism inside a granuloma called a tubercle. The localized concentrations of lysosomal enzymes in these granulomas can cause extensive tissue necrosis.

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When maize plants were exposed to green-leaf volatiles (VOCs), JA and JA-related gene expression were rapidly induced.

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To distinguish between “self” and “nonself” during pathogen infection, plants possess pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) which are conserved among a specific class of microorganisms (such as chitin for fungi, flagella for bacteria) but are absent in the host.

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Perception of MAMPs or DAMPs by cell surface PRRs is called Pathogen Triggered Immunity

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Perception of MAMPs or DAMPs by cell surface PRRs initiates a localized basal defense response called MAMP triggered immunity which inhibits the growth and activity of nonadapted pathogens or pests.

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Effectors triggers intracellular defense response includes RLK, receptor-like kinase; RLP, receptor-like protein; NBS–LRR, nucleotide binding site–leucine rich repeat

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When an Arabidopsis leaf is exposed to bacteria on the leaf surface, or to the MAMP flg22, the stomatal apertures closed by LRR receptor-like kinase FLS2, as well as a heterotrimeric G protein.