Identify the type of placentation in the following diagram.

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In angiosperms, mature male gametophyte may consist of:

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In Polygonum-type embryo sac formation:

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In a mature Polygonum-type embryo sac:

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Which of the following embryo sac types are monosporic?

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Exine and intine of pollen:

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Factors affecting pollen viability include: