The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species.

 In Darwin's tree of life, each fork in the tree represents ________.

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#Question id: 12385

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

To evaluate kidney function in a 45-year-old woman with type II diabetes, you ask her to collect her urine over 24 hours. She collects 3600 ml of urine in that period. The clinical laboratory returns the following results after analyzing the patient’s urine and plasma samples: plasma creatinine = 4 mg/dL, urine creatinine = 32 mg/dL, plasma potassium = 5 mmol/L, and urine potassium = 10 mmol/L.

What is the net renal tubular reabsorption rate of potassium in this patient?

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#Question id: 12384

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

To evaluate kidney function in a 45-year-old woman with type II diabetes, you ask her to collect her urine over 24 hours. She collects 3600 ml of urine in that period. The clinical laboratory returns the following results after analyzing the patient’s urine and plasma samples: plasma creatinine = 4 mg/dL, urine creatinine = 32 mg/dL, plasma potassium = 5 mmol/L, and urine potassium = 10 mmol/L.

What is this patient’s approximate GFR, assuming that she collected all her urine in the 24-hour period?

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#Question id: 12383

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Which of the following changes tends to increase urinary Ca++ excretion?

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#Question id: 12382

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A person with normal body fluid volumes weighs 60 kg and has an extracellular fluid volume of approximately 12.8 L, a blood volume of 4.3 L, and a hematocrit of 0.4; 57% of his body weight is water.

What is the approximate interstitial fluid volume?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 12381

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

 A person with normal body fluid volumes weighs 60 kg and has an extracellular fluid volume of approximately 12.8 L, a blood volume of 4.3 L, and a hematocrit of 0.4; 57% of his body weight is water.

What is the approximate plasma volume?

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#Question id: 12380

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A person with normal body fluid volumes weighs 60 kg and has an extracellular fluid volume of approximately 12.8 L, a blood volume of 4.3 L, and a hematocrit of 0.4; 57% of his body weight is water. What is the approximate intracellular fluid volume?